Cosmetic Tips

Make-up timeline

To ensure your eyes stay healthy and free of infection when using make-up, heed the following due-date rules. Throw out your mascara after three months, powder eye shadows every nine to 18 months, and cream eye shadows every six to 12 months. Sharpen your eyeliners often to keep
them clean.

Mascara mistakes

To avoid mascara flake-off or smudging on your face, apply a thin cost of mascara to top lashes only. Then run an eyelash brush through lashes to prevent clumpy mascara build-up.

Get a rosy glow

Want your face to radiate a healthy glow? Try using a gel blush or cream (instead of powder) in a rosy shade of pink to create a more natural look. Gels or creams are more transparent and blend smoothly ? rub it on the apples of your cheek and blend up towards the eye for a glowing
complexion.

Minute manicure

Need a fast fix for unpolished nails? File nails into a square shape, buff them to create a bit of shine and apply a clear coat of polish. Next rub in cutile?oil around the edges of the nail and
moisturize your whole hand. It takes less than 15 minutes and will give your appearance a polished look.

Brow etiquette

The trend in eyebrows for this season is natural looking, not sparse and skinny. Use a tinted brow definer or eyeshadow to fill in scanty brows.

Fix tired feet

Pamper your tired feet with a luxurious footbath. Fill a basin with warm water and add a few drops of essential oils. Next place marbles or small stones (found at your local garden centre) into the
basin. Run your toes and soles of your feet over the marbles, and relax for 15 minutes.

Eye/lip pencil care

Before sharpening your eyeliner or lip pencil, place them in the freezer for 10 minutes. They will harden slightly and not break when sharpened.

Eyeliner hint

Women with deep-set eyes should use liquid liner instead of regular pencil eyeliner, to prevent smudging in the crease of the lid. Liquid liner does not smudge as easily.

Nail polish know-how

Is your nail polish from last season too thick? Chances are the polish has begun to thicken at the bottom of the bottle. Add a bit of nail polish thinner to the bottle to get the maximum use of your
nail polish.

Foundation tester

When picking out a concealer or foundation, always test the colour on the inside of your wrist. The skin there is the most unblemished and will give you a good idea of how it will look on your face.

Extend your foundation

Want to extend the life of your foundation and cut down on heavy concealer? Mix a drop of it with your natural moisturizer to create a luminescent look for your skin.

Curl your lashes

Before curling your eyelashes, heat the curler with a hair dryer for a few seconds. Test to make sure it is not too hot, then apply to eyelashes. The heat will lock in the curl on extra long eyelashes.

Foundation secret

Apply foundation to your face AFTER you have done your eye make-up. This helps you to fix any last minute smudging from mascara or eyeliner under the eyes.

Lipstick trick

Love matte lipstick, but feel your dry lips wreck the look? Apply a lip balm to lips before starting your make-up routine. By the time you have done your eyes and rest of the face, your lips will be
moisturized and ready for the matte lipstick.

Manicure tip

If you have been sloppy applying nail polish, simply soak nails (when dry) in warm water for a few minutes and then rub off extra nail polish gently with a finger.

Make Your Face Look Slimmer

Use your make up blusher cleverly to slim down chubby cheeks

• Purchase two shades of blush, one of a deeper shade and one that's lighter. To ensure the shades go together, purchase a compct ?ith two coordinating shades.
  
• Apply your usual foundation make-up or powder to cover any imperfections and even out your skin tone.
  
• Apply the lighter shade of blush in circular motions onto the apples of your cheeks... how do you to find your apples? Just smile!
  
• Next, following the line of your cheekbones, apply a sheer sweep of the deeper shade of blush.
  
• Blend, blend and blend. The key with this trick is to create dimension, but you do not want a very obvious
  demarcation between your natural cheek color and the blush (i.e. think stripes!).
  
• Sweep a small amount of the ligter shade across your nose and/or forehead as desired to add an extra "glow" to your complexion.

Skin Care Tips

Skin Care Tips:

Money saver

Hooked on using disposable cleansing cloths or facial wipes for cleaning your face? Since these packages are convenient but costly, take the time to cut each cloth in half when you buy the package. With a little extra effort you gain twice as many cleansing cloths and save some money
in the process.

Exfoliate, exfoliate

For a fast, at-home body exfoliation, mix olive oil with sea salt or sugar. Smooth over skin in circular motions all over the body, avoiding the breast area. Rinse off in the shower and apply your
favourite moisturizer.

Body brush

Dry brushing your skin before a shower is a great way to stimulate the natural oil glands in your body. Using a natural bristle body brush, start at your feet and lightly "brush" your skin in a
circular motion. Follow by a warm shower and slather your body with your favourite moisturizer.

Hand moisturizer

For regular, well-moisturized hands, keep hand cream on your desk at work or in the car. Apply the cream throughout the day to rejuvenate your cuticles and keep skin saturated.

Natural cleansers

Dip into your fridge for facial cleansers when your regular cleanser runs out. In a pinch buttermilk, yogurt and even cream are gentle, natural skin cleansers.

Moisturizer alternative

Instead of using a cream moisturizer after you bath or shower, rub almond oil (available at your local health food store) into your skin for a treat. Combined with a few drops of your favourite essential oil (peppermint, lavender or neroli) it will lea? your skin smooth and supple.

Make shaving easier

An easy way to avoid razor burn after shaving is to moisturize beforehand. While shaving cream is the most popular method, try prepping your leg with hair conditioner for a few minutes before shaving. It will hold moisture on the leg longer and provide a very smooth shave.

Tired eye solution

Need to get rid of tired or puffy eyes immediately? Keep a spoon in the freezer and apply to eyelids for a few minutes to reduce redness.

Hair helper

Interested in trying out sculpting mud for your hair? Make sure you use a minimal amount of product to prevent weighing hair down. A good rule of thumb is to put a little bit on your fingertips and
apply to the hair from the back of the head forward.

Hair clean-up

An all-natural way to eliminate shampoo build-up and toxins in your hair is with apple cider vinegar. Rinse your hair once a week with one cup of apple-cider vinegar, found in grocery stores or
health stores.

Hair styling fact

Hair sets best as it is cooling, not when it is heated up from blow-drying. Whether using hot rollers or a blow dryer, apply hair spray after hair has cooled to maximize the style.

Salon style hair

Want to achieve that salon style blowout at home? Separate your damp hair into several sections and blow-dry one at a time using a round or paddle brush. Taking the time to focus on each section will give you that overall salon look.

Instant Hair Tricks To Slim Your Face

Most hair stylists will tell you that a good starting point to a face slimming hair style is to give your hair a
svelte look. How do you do that? Here are some hair tips that can work for minimizing fuller face shapes:

Don'ts

• Just as clothes with horizontal strips add the elusion of weight, hairstyles with blunt edges can make your
  face look much wider than it really is. Avoid styles or cuts that have any type of strong lines that will make your face look larger than it really is.
  
• Avoid hair that is either too long or too short.
  
• Avoid big hair, lots of curls, wedge styles or super short cuts.
  
• The Square and Pear shapes are also not suited for super short cuts that will highlight the jaw or the
  chin.

Do's

• Add slenderizing vertical lines to your hair through well placed highlights or lowlights. A talented colorist can also add wonderful depth to your overall face with multi dimensional color.
  
• Adding height at the roots automatically minimizes the fullness of any face by adding instant length. Ask
  your stylist to add texturizing or layers around your crown area to add height. If your hair is naturally thin or fine use a great volume enhancing shampoo to add fullness. Add a root lift sl?tion or volumizing gel to the
  roots and use a brus o lift as your blow dry. Remember to direct the airflow from the ends to the roots for even more volume. If you prefer you can use a small barrel curling iron right at the roots for added texture.
  
• Up dos add instant height. Consider pulling your hair into a high ponytail or braid anchored at your
  crown. Pull out a few tendrils on either side of your face to add a subtle slenderizing.
  
• A shoulder skimming shag style with texturized bangs is excellent for reducing facial width. Blow dry hair
  forward with a large round brush to smooth and curl hair under. Set with a good hair spray. The best length for faces that need slenderizing is between the jawline and the shoulders. This length elongates your face and neck creating a much slimmer appearance. Bangs can be flattering if worn to enhance the eyes. Select bangs thathave an uneven edge. Try angled bangs or bangs that have wispy lengths.
  
• Round faces benefit from long straight lines added around the face. A chin-length bob with minimum layering is a great option. Angled bobs with sides that taper softly below the cheeks is also a wonderful selection. This look can create the illusion of higher, more angular cheekbones. By introducing a horizontal line, side-parted bangs that sweep across the forehead also help break up a face's roundness.
  
• A key to slenderizing round faces is to minimize the volume of hair that is at the sides and ear area. If a
  hairstyle is selected that falls above the jaw it is best to wear an off-center part to interrupt roundness. A longer jaw length or longer style can benefit from a center part.
  
• The Square & Pear shapes do well with chin length bobs. A bob with fullness at the chin will balance a
  pointed chin prevalent with heart shapes.

• A square face benefits from a chin length bob that ends in a soft flip or gentle wave. Adding emphasis to the cheekbones and the middle section of the face helps a lot. Bangs are a great
  solution. Wearing your hair at least 2 inches below your jaw line will also
  help a lot.
  

Top 10 health tips

- Top 10 health tips -

1. Shake your Body!

Every day find new ways to move your body. Use the stairs rather than an escalator or elevator. Walk your dog (or a neighbour's dog if you don't have one!) , chase your kids, play ball with friends, mow the lawn. Anything that moves your limbs is not only a fitness tool, it's a stress buster. Think 'move' in small increments of time. It doesn't have to be an hour in the gym or a 45-minute cardiovascular class or body pump or kickboxing. Move more and feel better!

2. Cut the Fat

Don't eat the obvious fat in your diet such as fried foods, burgers and other fatty meats. Eat dairy products like cheese, cottage cheese, milk and cream low fat versions. Nuts and sandwich meats,
mayonnaise, margarine, butter and sauces should be eaten in limited amounts and even then in their low fat verions. Most are available in lower fat versions.

3. Reduce Stress

Stress busters come in many forms. Some techniques recommended by experts are to think positive thoughts. Spend 30 minutes a day doing something you like. (i.e., go back to number one above), exercise is a great stress reducer, Soak in a hot tub; walk on the beach or in a
park; read a good book; visit a friend; play with your dog; listen to soothing music; watch a funny movie. Get a massage, a facial or a haircut. Meditate. Count to ten before losing your temper or getting aggravated. Avoid difficult people when possible.

4. Stop Smoking

All the experts agree on this one. Ever since 1960 when it was announced that smoking was harmful to your health, people have been reducing their use of tobacco products. Just recently, we've seen a surge in smoking in adolescents and teens. Warn your children of the false romance or 'tough guy' image of smokers. Find ways to quit smoking hypnosis, support groups
and even prescription medicine such as Zyban is available to help you..

5. Reduce your exposure to Pollution

Not everyone can live in a smog-free environment, but we can all avoid smoke-filled rooms, high traffic areas, breathing in highway fumes and exercising near busy thoroughfares. Exercise
outside when the smog rating is low. Exercise indoors in air conditioning where air quality is good. Plant lots of shrubbery in your yard. It's a good pollution deterrent. If you ride a bicycle in traffic, where a small pollution mask over your mouth and nose.

6. Clunk Click every Trip

Statistics show that the wearing of seat belts add to longevity and help alleviate potential injuries in car crashes.

7. Don't Drink too much Alcohol

Whilst it is true that a glass of wine or one drink a day (two for men) can help protect against heart disease, more alcohol than that, or binge drinking on a night out, can cause other serious health
problems such as liver and kidney disease and cancer.

8. Floss your teeth

Harvard Medical School studied longevity and found one of the most important contributing factors was daily flossing! Flossing and brushing your teeth daily can make your RealAge as much as 6.4
years younger. These studies make a direct connection between longevity and teeth flossing. Nobody knows exactly why. Perhaps it's because people who floss tend to be more health conscious than people who don't?

9. Maintain a Positive Mental Outlook

There's a definitive connection between living well and healthily and having a cheerful outlook on life. Yes, keep on smiling and laughing!

10. Pick Your Parents Well !

The link between genetics and health is a powerful one. You can't pick your parents, but just because one or both of your parents died young in ill health doesn't mean you can't counteract the genetic pool handed you. So follow the first 9 tips above

Innovative thinking

Innovative thinking

Inventions and discoveries

Notable Inventions and Discoveries

Date Invention Or Discovery Inventor Or Discoverer Nationality 1250 Magnifying glass Roger Bacon English 1450 Printing press Johann Gutenberg German 1504 Pocket watch Peter Henlein German 1590 Compound microscope Zacharias Janssen Dutch 1593 Water thermometer Galileo Italian 1608 Telescope Hans Lippershey Dutch 1625 Blood transfusion Jean-Baptiste Denys French 1629 Steam turbine Giovanni Branca Italian 1642 Adding machine Blaise Pascal French 1643 Barometer Evangelista Torricelli Italian 1650 Air pump Otto von Guericke German 1656 Pendulum clock Christiaan Huygens Dutch 1661 Methanol Robert Boyle Irish 1668 Reflecting telescope Isaac Newton English 1671 Calculating machine Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz German 1698 Steam pump Thomas Savery English 1701 Seed drill Jethro Tull English 1710 Piano Bartolomeo Cristofori Italian 1712 Steam engine Thomas Newcomen British 1714 Mercury thermometer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit German 1717 Diving bell Edmund Halley English 1725 Stereotyping William Ged Scottish 1745 Leyden jar (condenser) E.G. von Kleist German 1752 Lightning rod Benjamin Franklin American 1758 Achromatic lens John Dollond British 1759 Marine chronometer John Harrison British 1764 Spinning jenny James Hargreaves British 1769 Spinning frame R. Arkwright English 1769 Steam engine (with separate condenser) James Watt British 1769 Automobile Nicholas-Joseph Cugnot French 1775 Submarine David Bushnell American 1780 Steel pen Samuel Harrison English 1780 Bifocal lens Benjamin Franklin American 1783 Balloon Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques ةtienne Montgolfier French 1784 Threshing machine Andrew Meikle British 1785 Power loom Edmund Cartwright British 1786 Steamboat John Fitch American 1788 Flyball governor James Watt British 1791 Gas turbine John Barber British 1792 Illuminating gas William Murdock Scottish 1793 Cotton gin Eli Whitney American 1795 Hydraulic press Joseph Bramah English 1796 Lithography Aloys Senefelder German 1796 Smallpox vaccination Edward Jenner British 1799 Fourdrinier machine (papermaking) Louis Robert French 1800 Jacquard loom Joseph Marie Jacquard French 1800 Electric battery Count Alessandro Volta Italian 1801 Pattern loom Joseph Marie Jacquard French 1804 Screw propeller John Stevens American 1804 Solid-fuel rocket William Congreve British 1804 Steam locomotive Richard Trevithick British 1805 Electroplating Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli Italian 1810 Food preservation (by sterilization and exclusion of air) François Appert French 1810 Printing press Frederick Koenig German 1814 Railroad locomotive George Stephenson British 1815 Safety lamp Sir Humphry Davy British 1816 Bicycle (no pedals) Karl D. Sauerbronn German 1819 Stethoscope René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec French 1820 Hygrometer J.F. Daniell English 1820 Galvanometer Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger German 1821 Electric motor Michael Faraday British 1823 Silicon Jِns Jakob Berzelius Swedish 1823 Electromagnet William Sturgeon British 1824 Portland cement Joseph Aspdin British 1827 Friction match John Walker British 1829 Typewriter1 W.A. Burt American 1829 Braille printing Louis Braille French 1830 Platform scales Thaddeus Fairbanks American 1830 Sewing machine Barthélemy Thimonnier French 1831 Phosphorus match Charles Sauria French 1831 Reaper Cyrus Hall McCormick American 1831 Dynamo Michael Faraday British 1834 Electric streetcar Thomas Davenport American 1835 Pistol (revolver) Samuel Colt American 1837 Telegraph Samuel Finley Breese Morse Sir Charles Wheatstone American British 1838 Morse code Samuel Finley Breese Morse American 1839 Photography Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre and Joseph Nicéphore Niepce William Henry Fox Talbot French British 1839 Vulcanized rubber Charles Goodyear American 1839 Steam hammer James Nasmyth Scottish 1839 Bicycle (with pedals) Kirkpatrick MacMillan British 1845 Pneumatic tire Robert William Thompson American 1846 Rotary printing press Richard March Hoe American 1846 Nitroglycerin Ascanio Sobrero Italian 1846 Guncotton Christian Friedrich Schِnbein German 1846 Ether Crawford Williamson Long American 1849 Reinforced concrete F.J. Monier French 1849 Safety pin Walter Hunt American 1849 Water turbine James Bicheno Francis American 1850 Mercerized cotton John Mercer British 1851 Breech-loading rifle Edward Maynard American 1851 Opthalmoscope Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz German 1852 Nonrigid airship Henri Giffard French 1852 Elevator (with brake) Elisha Graves Otis American 1852 Gyroscope Jean Bernard Léon Foucault French 1855 Hypodermic syringe Alexander Wood Scottish 1855 Safety matches J.E. Lundstrom Swedish 1856 Bessemer converter (steel) Sir Henry Bessemer British 1858 Harvester Charles and William Marsh American 1859 Spectroscope Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen German 1860 Gas engine Jean-Joseph-ةtienne Lenoir French 1861 Web-fed newspaper printing press Richard March Hoe American 1861 Electric furnace Wilhelm Siemens British 1861 Machine gun Richard Jordan Gatling American 1861 Kinematoscope Coleman Sellers American 1865 Antiseptic surgery Joseph Lister English 1866 Paper (from wood pulp, sulfite process) Benjamin Chew Tilghman American 1866 Dynamite Alfred Bernhard Nobel Swedish 1868 Dry cell Georges Leclanché French 1868 Typewriter Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes American 1868 Air brake George Westinghouse American 1870 Celluloid John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt American 1871 Continuous current dynamo Zénobe-Théophile Gramme Belgian 1874 Quadruplex telegraph Thomas Alva Edison American 1876 Telephone2 Alexander Graham Bell Antonio Meucci American Italian 1877 Internal-combustion engine (four-cycle) Nikolaus August Otto German 1877 Talking machine (phonograph) Thomas Alva Edison American 1877 Microphone Emile Berliner American 1877 Electric welding Elihu Thomson American 1877 Refrigerator car G.F. Swift American 1878 Cream separator Carl Gustav de Laval Swedish 1878 Cathode ray tube Sir William Crookes British 1879 Cash register James J. Ritty American 1879 Incandescent filament lamp Thomas Alva Edison Sir Joseph Wilson Swan American British 1879 Automobile engine (two-cycle) Karl Benz German 1879 Arc lamp Charles Francis Bush American 1880 Linotype Ottmar Mergenthaler American 1884 Steam turbine C.A. Parsons English 1884 Rayon (nitrocellulose) Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet French 1884 Multiple-wheel steam turbine Sir Charles Algernon Parsons British 1884 Nipkow disk (mechanical television scanning device) Paul Gottlieb Nipkow German 1884 Fountain pen Lewis Edson Waterman American 1885 Graphophone (dictating machine) Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter American 1885 AC transformer William Stanley American 1887 Air-inflated rubber tire J.B. Dunlop Scottish 1887 Gramophone (disk records) Emile Berliner American 1887 Gas mantle Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach Austrian 1887 Mimeograph Albert Blake Dick American 1887 Monotype Tolbert Lanston American 1888 Adding machine (recording) William Seward Burroughs American 1888 Kodak camera George Eastman American 1889 Steam turbine C.G. de Laval Swedish 1890 Rayon (cuprammonium) Louis Henri Despeissis French 1891 Glider Otto Lilienthal German 1891 Motion picture camera (kinetograph) Thomas Alva Edison William K. L. Dickson American British 1891 Motion picture viewer (kinetoscope) Thomas Alva Edison William K. L. Dickson American British 1891 Synthetic rubber Sir William Augustus Tilden British 1892 AC motor Nikola Tesla American 1892 Three-color camera Frederick Eugene Ives American 1892 Rayon (viscose) Charles Frederick Cross British 1892 Vacuum bottle (Dewar flask) Sir James Dewar British 1893 Photoelectric cell Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel German 1893 Diesel engine Rudolf Diesel German 1893 Gasoline automobile Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea American 1894 Motion picture projection Louis Jean Lumière and Auguste Marie Lumière Charles Francis Jenkins French American 1895 X-ray Wilhelm Konrad Rِntgen German 1895 Rayon (acetate) Charles Frederick Cross British 1895 Wireless telegraph Marchese Guglielmo Marconi Italian 1896 Experimental airplane Samuel Pierpont Langley American 1898 Sensitized photographic paper Leo Hendrik Baekeland American 1900 Rigid dirigible airship Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin German 1902 Radiotelephone Valdemar Poulsen Reginald Aubrey Fessenden Danish American 1903 Airplane Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright American 1903 Windshield wipers Mary Anderson American 1903 Electrocardiograph Willem Einthoven Dutch 1905 Diode rectifier tube (radio) Sir John Ambrose Fleming British 1906 Gyrocompass Hermann Anschütz-Kنmpfe German 1907 Bakelite Leo Hendrik Baekeland American 1907 Triode amplifier tube (radio) Lee De Forest American 1908 Cellophane Jacques Edwin Brandenberger Swiss 1908 Two-color motion picture camera C. Albert Smith British 1909 Salvarsan Paul Ehrlich German 1910 Hydrogenation of coal Friedrich Bergius German 1910 Gyroscopic compass and stabilizer Elmer Ambrose Sperry American 1911 Air conditioning W.H. Carrier American 1911 Vitamins Casimir Funk Polish 1911 Cellophane Jacques Edwin Brandenberger Swiss 1911 Neon lamp Georges Claude French 1912 Mercury-vapor lamp Peter Cooper Hewitt American 1913 Ramjet engine René Lorin French 1913 Multigrid electron tube Irving Langmuir American 1913 Cracked gasoline William Meriam Burton American 1913 Heterodyne radio receiver Reginald Aubrey Fessenden American 1915 Automobile self-starter Charles Franklin Kettering American 1916 Browning gun (automatic rifle) John Moses Browning American 1916 Gas-filled incandescent lamp Irving Langmuir American 1916 X-ray tube William David Coolidge American 1919 Mass spectrograph Sir Francis William Aston Arthur Jeffrey Dempster British American 1922-26 Sound motion pictures T.W. Case American 1922 Insulin Sir Frederick Grant Banting Canadian 1923 Autogiro Juan de la Cierva Spanish 1923 Television iconoscope Vladimir Kosma Zworykin American 1924 Quick-frozen food Clarence Birdseye American 1925 Television image dissector tube Philo Taylor Farnsworth American 1926 Aerosol can Erik Rotheim Norwegian 1926 Liquid-fuel rocket Robert Hutchings Goddard American 1928 Penicillin Sir Alexander Fleming British 1930 Bathysphere (Charles) William Beebe American 1930 Freon (low-boiling fluorine compounds) Thomas Midgley and coworkers American 1930 Modern gas-turbine engine Sir Frank Whittle British 1930 Neoprene (synthetic rubber) Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and Wallace Hume Carothers American 1931 Cyclotron Ernest Orlando Lawrence American 1931 Differential analyzer (analogue computer) Vannevar Bush American 1932 Phase contrast microscope Frits Zernike Dutch 1932 Van de Graaff generator Robert Jemison Van de Graaff American 1933 Frequency modulation (FM) Edwin Howard Armstrong American 1935 Buna (synthetic rubber) German scientists German 1935 Radiolocator (radar) Sir Robert Watson-Watt British 1935 Cortisone Edward Calvin Kendall Tadeus Reichstein American Swiss 1935 Electron microscope German scientists German 1935 Sulfanllamide Gerhard Domagk German 1935 Nylon Wallace Hume Carothers American 1936 Twin-rotor helicopter3 Heinrich Focke German 1937 Snowmobile Armand Bombardier Canadian 1938 Ballpoint pen Georg and Ladislao Biro Hungarian 1939 DDT Paul Müller Swiss 1939 Helicopter4 Igor Sikorsky American 1940 Betatron Donald William Kerst American 1941 Turbojet aircraft engine Sir Frank Whittle British 1942 Guided missile Wernher von Braun German 1942 Nuclear reactor Enrico Fermi American 1942 Xerography Chester Carlson American 1944 V-2 (rocket-propelled bomb) German scientists German 1945 Atomic bomb U.S. government scientists American 1945 Streptomycin Selman A. Waksman American 1946 Electronic digital computer John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly American 1947 Holography Dennis Gabon English 1947 Chlormycetin Mildred Rebstock American 1947 Polaroid Land camera Edwin Herbert Land American 1947 Bathyscaphe Auguste Piccard Swiss 1947 Microwave oven Percy L. Spencer American 1948 Scintillation counter Hartmut Kallmann German 1948 Aureomycin Benjamin Minge Duggar and Chandra Bose Subba Row American 1948 Transistor John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley American 1949 Ramjet airplane René Leduc French 1950 Color television Peter Carl Goldmark American 1952 Hydrogen bomb U.S. government scientists American 1952 Bubble chamber (nuclear particle detector) Donald Arthur Glaser American 1953 Maser Charles Townes American 1954 Solar battery Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists American 1954 Polio vaccine Jonas Salk American 1955 Synthetic diamonds General Electric scientists American 1955 Carbon dating W.F. Libby American 1955 Optical fibers Narinder S. Kapany Indian 1956 Hovercraft Christopher Cockerell English 1956 First prototype rotary engine Felix Wankel German 1956 Videotape Charles Ginsberg Ray Dolby American 1957 Sodium-cooled atomic reactor U.S. government scientists American 1957 Artificial earth satellite USSR government scientists Soviet 1958 Communications satellite U.S. government scientists American 1959 Integrated circuit Jack Kilby Robert Noyce American 1960 Laser Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, and Gordon Gould American 1960 Chlorophyll synthesized Robert Burns Woodward American 1960 Birth-control pill Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and Min-chueh Chang American 1962 Light-emitting diode (LED) Nick Holonyak, Jr. American 1964 Liquid-crystal display George Heilmeier American 1965 Kevlar technology Stephanie Kwolek American 1966 Artificial heart (left ventricle) Michael Ellis DeBakey American 1966 Tunable dye laser Mary Spaeth American 1967 Human heart transplant Christiaan Neethling Barnard South Africa 1970 First complete synthesis of a gene Har Gobind Khorana American 1971 Microprocessor Ted Hoff American 1971 Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging Raymond Damadian American 1972 Electronic pocket calculator J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman American 1972 First magnetohydrodynamic power generator USSR government scientists Soviet 1973 Skylab orbiting space laboratory U.S. government scientists American 1974 Recombinant DNA (genetic engineering) U.S. scientists American 1975 CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanner Godfrey N. Hounsfield British 1975 Fiberoptics Bell Laboratories American 1976 Supercomputer J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray American 1978 Synthesis of human insulin genes Roberto Crea, Tadaaki Hirose, Adam Kraszewski, and Keiichi Itakura American 1978 Mammal to mammal gene transplants Paul Berg, Richard Mulligan, and Bruce Howard American 1979 Compact disc Joop Sinjou Toshi Tada Doi Dutch Japanese 1979 Genetic flaw repaired in mouse cells by recombinant DNA and micromanipulation techniques W. French Anderson and coworkers American 1981 Space transportation system (space shuttle) National Aeronautics and Space Administration engineers American 1982 Artificial heart Robert K. Jarvik American 1983 Scanning tunneling microscope Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer German Swiss 1986 High-temperature superconductors J. Georg Bednorz Karl A. Müller German Swiss 1992 Magnetic boat Yoshiro Saji Japanese Notes 1) An impractical prototype that was never widely used. 2) Bell received a patent for the telephone in 1876, but Meucci developed an earlier model around 1860. 3) Both rotors operated on a horizontal plane. 4) One rotor operated on a horizontal plane to provide lift, while another rotor operated on a vertical plane to counter the torque generated by the first rotor.